Psychoacoustics 心理声学

Over centuries, as mentioned in the previous chapter, scientist have been making discoveries and proposing theories on the effects of sound on matter. In recent time, many professions are interested in sound than before. The new understanding make them want to work with sound designers to research more into how sound affects the audience. This provides cutting edge opportunity to explore sound and create new innovations.

如在上一章节提到的那样，几个世纪以来，科学家们不断地发现和提出关于声音效果的理论问题。近年来，许多专业人士都表现出了比以前更大的兴趣。. 新的认识促使他们想要与音响设计师合作以更多地研究声音如何影响观众。这就提供了尖端的机会去探索和创新

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In 2006 and 2008, a conference series titled Mozart and Science was held near Viena, Austria, involving researcher from different fields of discipline to address the interdisciplinary research on the effect of sound on the brain. This shows the passion for greater understanding about sound and its effects on human. Dr. Roland Hass, the president of the conference's sponsor organization in Austria, International Music and Art Research Association Austria (IMARAA), about the conference writes:

The bridge being built between chromobiology and neuropsychology, between music therapy and neurology, between public health studies and mirror neuron research, and as well as between musical education and research into emotions struck us as being potentially very valuable starting point toward a deeper understanding of more complex aspect of psychophysiological effect of music(sound) on listeners.

在2006年和2008年，一个名为“莫扎特与科学”的系列研讨会在奥地利Viena附近举行，来自不同领域的研究者跨学科研究声音对大脑的影响。这就显示出了人们想要了解声音及其对人类影响的热情。罗兰·哈斯博士 (Dr. Roland Hass) ，奥地利国际音乐与艺术研究会主席，在这次大会上指出：

生物钟学和神经心理学之间，音乐疗法和神经病学之间，公共健康研究和镜像神经研究之间以及音乐教育和影响我们情绪的研究之间的桥梁正在被建立，这也被潜在的认为是非常有价值的出发点，从更复杂的方面研究音乐对听众的心理声学的影响。

It is an established geographical fact that the world is spherical, and that it rotates on its' axis. This means the world is like a ball. My understanding is this, if things are put inside a ball, and the ball spins, everything inside vibrates. Although sound is said to be the sensation perceived when static atmospherically pressure is disturbed by vibration, but there are some other vibrations that cannot be perceived by the ears. Therefore, it means everything in the world vibrates; and if everything vibrates, it means everything has a frequency; and if everything has frequency, it means everything produces a sensation heard as sound or unheard as radio frequencies, seen or unseen as light; an intuition validated by science as said by the American psychologist George Leonard that:

We know that every particle on the physical universe takes its characteristics from the pitch and pattern and overtones of its particular frequencies.

地球是个球形且围绕着气中轴线旋转，这是个既定的事实。这也就是说世界就像是个球。我的理解是这样的，如果一个球里面放有东西，且它旋转起来，那么里面所有的东西都有震动。虽然声音被认为是静态大气压力干扰所获得感觉，但是也有一些不能被耳朵感知的震动。因此，这意味着世界上的一切都是震动； 如果一切都是震动的，那么所有的东西都有一个频率； 如果一切都是有频率的，那么所有的物体都会产生听见的或者听不见的感知，如无线电频率，看见的或者看不见的东西如光；美国心理学家乔治·伦纳德(George Leonard)说，直觉是通过科学认证的：

我们知道宇宙空间中的每一个粒子都有其特征，这些特征包括音调、模式和特定的频率。

Imagine a world without sound! Before the scientific discoveries of how sound affect the world, the religious and ancient cultures affirm that the world is a sound made world. According to Joachim-Ernst Berendt:

Many of the world's cultures have passed down sagas and myths legends and tales in which the world has its' origin in sound, from Aztecs to Eskimos, from the Persians to the Indians and the Malayans.

想象一个没有声音的世界是怎样的！ 在科学家们探索出声音如何有效作用于这个世界之前，宗教认识和古老的文化坚信，世界是声音制造的世界。根据约阿希姆-厄恩斯特 (Joachim-Ernst Berendt) 的说法：

世界上的许多文化都是由古代传奇故事和神话传说流传下来的，它们认为世界是由声音起源发展的，从阿兹塔克人到爱斯基摩人，从波斯人到印度人和马来西亚人。

If the world cultural and religious beliefs are true, then we can begin to think of how creative sound is. Does it means that sound which cannot be seen, can create things that can be seen? We can begin to think through this question by exploring some scientific discoveries. In my previous blog, the scientific discoveries till the end of 19th century were mentioned; but in the next blog, I will look into the most recent discoveries as relate to psychoacoustics from 20th century till date.

如果上述世界文化和宗教信仰是真的，那么我们该认为声音多么有创造性！ 这是否意味着声音不能被看见，但是可以创造出能被看见的物体呢？我们可以通过探索一些科学发现来思考这个问题。在上个网志中，提到了直到19世纪末的科学发现；但是在这下个网志中，我想探究从20世纪直到今天的有关声音心理学的最新发现。

I think it is better for me to make a note that in this blog, vibration and sound maybe used interchangeably; because without vibration, there will not be sound. Also, speech, music and sound effects may be expressed as sound; because in the motion picture, they are all composed in film sound.

我想最好做一个说明：本文中，震动和声音也许是可以互换的；因为没有震动就没有声音。而且，语言、音乐和音效都可以表达为声音，因为在电影中，他们都用来组成电影声音。