History of Sound Design 声音设计历史

Sound design could be dated back to the primitive period, when different sounds are associated with different rituals. Different sound instruments and sound are used for different applications, such as; sound of trumpet made of animal horns signifies alerts or success on hunts, drum sounds are used in rituals or harvest, and the tempo and rhythm of the used instruments were determined by the occasion.

声音设计可以追溯到原始时代，不同的声音与不同的仪式紧密相连。不同的声音和声音仪器用于不同的应用程序, 例如, 声音的喇叭用动物的角做的象征警报或成功狩猎, 鼓声被用在宗教仪式或收获, 节奏和韵律的使用仪器是由这个场合。

Human being started making sound with their bodies by clapping, tapping and using the mouth to imitate various sounds of nature. The initial primitive instruments were designed mainly for ritual purposes, rather than entertainment; because to the players of those instruments, there was no musical concept known. Therefore, the instruments are considered as sound instruments, rather than musical instruments, as they performed as ritual duty to make befitting sounds to the deities.

人类开始用他们的身体,拍手声,攻丝和用嘴模仿各种大自然的声音。最初的原始的工具被设计主要用于宗教仪式的目的, 而不是娱乐, 因为表演者的那些仪器, 没有音乐概念认识。因此, 仪器都视为声音仪器, 而不是乐器, 因为他们的表现作为仪式的责任使适合的声音到神仙。

As time went by, human being started to make more sound making devices. Among the first devices external to human body that were make, and could be considered sound instruments are rattles, stampers, and various drums. These earlier sound instruments were used to add sound to the emotional movements of the human body in rituals and dance. These gradually led to the theatrical performance of the ancient society, and became part of human activity in every society from the ancient time.

随着时间的流逝,人类开始让更多的声音制作设备。最早对人体外部设备, 并可能被视为声音仪器、各种辚辚和鼓。这些早期的声音是用来添加声音仪器的情感运动人体在仪式和舞蹈。这些逐渐导致了戏剧表演的古代社会, 成为人类活动的一部分在每个社会从古老的时间。

The earliest form of theatre in the ancient Egypt, according to "Pyramid texts" is dated back to 2800 to 2400 B.C., there were theatrical ceremonies and rituals involved in the sending dead Pharaoh off to the underworld. These includes the quasi-theatrical event about the god of Osiris performed annually at festivals from 2500 to 550 B.C., this is called "the Memphite Drama", which recounts the story of the death of the deity Osiris. The most important ancient Egyptian theatre was enacted at the most sacred place in Egypt; Abydos- the burial site of Osiris, therefore the performance is called "Abydos Passion Play". Although, there are no records of the type of sound instruments used in the performance of the ancient Egyptian drama, but it is believed that, just like every other early theatrical performance, voice and other sound instruments are used to imitate animals.

最早的形式的戏剧在古埃及,按照《金字塔文本》是追溯到2800年到公元前2400年,有戏剧性的典礼和仪式参与发送死去的法老去阴间。这些包括让事件讨论神的欧西里斯的节日每年执行从2500年到公元前550年, 这被称为“孟斐斯城的戏剧”, 它讲述了这样一个故事: 死亡神的奥西里斯。最重要的古埃及剧院的颁布在最神圣的地方在埃及;阿拜多斯-奥西里斯的墓地上,因此性能被称为“阿拜多斯激情”。戏剧虽然, 没有记录的类型的声音仪器用于古埃及的, 但戏剧它是戏剧相信, 就像所有其他早期的戏剧表演、声音和其他声音仪器是用来模仿动物。

In china, the beginning of theatrical performance was during the Shang dynasty (1766 - 1066 B.C.). The Shang dynasty theatrical performances used music, clowning and acrobatic display that imitate animals movements, such as still seen in the Chinese martial arts, dances and theatre tradition today. During the Zhou dynasty (1066 - 221 B.C.), most of the dances were more of religious rituals; ceremonial dances involving comic by clowns and dwarf acrobatic were minimal. However, as seen in today's Chinese opera and kong-fu movies, many of the movement techniques and dance originated from the ancient Chinese martial art techniques, which involve fluttering of sleeves, hands, legs, body and objects; all these produce sound to accompany the vocalization of some sounds.

在中国,戏剧表演的开始是在商代(公元前1766 - 1066年)。戏剧表演的商朝用音乐, 插科打诨和杂技表演, 模仿动物的动作, 如仍出现在中国武术, 舞蹈和戏剧传统, 直到现代。在周朝(现代公元前1066 - 221年),大部分的舞蹈更有宗教仪式,仪式舞蹈涉及漫画的小丑和矮人杂技是最小的。然而, 正如在的中国歌剧现代和功夫电影, 许多运动技巧和舞蹈起源于中国古代武术技巧, 包括飘扬的袖子, 手, 腿的, 身体和对象; 所有这些产生声音的发声的陪伴一些声音。

Sanskrit theatre is the major recognized early theater in India. Although, archeological evidence from the earlier period does not indicate the existence of traditional form of theatre, but the ancient Vedas from between 1500 to 1000 B.C. contains a small number of compositions in a form of dialogue in rituals. It is believed that ancient Indian theatre originated during the time of Rig Veda, with the themes regarding to wild animals and hunting. Like all the ancient form of theatre, religious ritualism was the main focus of the early theatre. The Sanskrit play illustrates the daily events, rituals, tradition, dance and music of the ancient India. The treatise on theatre(Natyasastra) around 200 B.C. to 200 C.E. was the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient time, which addressed acting, dance and music as the origin of theatre. Although theatre started as a narrative form of expression in the ancient India, and gradually incorporated songs and dance, which has become an integral part of Indian movies as it is today.

梵语戏剧是主要在印度早期就意识到剧院。虽然, 考古证据从早期的存在并不意味着传统形式的戏剧, 但古老的吠陀经1500年到公元前1000年之间包含一些作品在艺术形式的对话在仪式。据说古代印度戏剧起源于在梨俱吠陀,主题关于候野生动物和狩猎。像所有的古代形式的剧场、宗教仪式主义的主要焦点是早期的戏剧。梵语说明戏剧了日常活动、仪式、传统、舞蹈和音乐的古印度。论述在剧院(流传) 大约在公元前200年到公元200年是最完整的在古代戏作品剧作法, 解决了表演、舞蹈和音乐, 戏剧的起源。尽管剧院开始作为一种叙事形式的表达式在古代印度,逐步整合的歌曲和舞蹈,它已经成为不可或缺的一部分,因为它是现代的印度电影。

The ancient Greek theatre flourished in the ancient Greece between 500 B.C. to 146 B.C.. It also began as festivals in honoring deities. Dionysia was one of the prominent festival to honor Dionysus. Tragedy, comedy and satyr were the three theatrical genres of the ancient Greek theatre. Tragedy is a word originated from the performance of Thespis's "Goat Song", referring to goat sacrificed to Dionysus. Although, according to Aristotle, tragedy was derived from dithyrambs, praise songs for Dionysus at the Dionysia each year. On the other hand, comedy play came out of imitations, while satyr plays were products of mythological subjects.

古希腊戏剧的繁荣古希腊公元前500年到公元前146年之间。它也开始为节日纪念神。狂欢节是一个突出的节日来纪念酒神狄俄尼索斯。悲剧、喜剧和好色之徒是三个戏剧流派的古希腊戏剧。悲剧一词起源于性能的泰斯庇斯的“山羊之歌”, 他指的是山羊牺牲酒神狄俄尼索斯。虽然,根据亚里士多德悲剧源自酒神的赞美歌，狄奥尼索斯赞美歌曲在每年狂欢节。另一方面, 喜剧发挥出来, 而好色之徒的模仿戏剧神话主题的。

In all ancient Greek performances, emphasis were placed more on actors' voices in speech, recitatives and songs. Music was an integral part of the performances. The amphitheatre architectural design provided excellent acoustics, most especially the so-called "Sounding Vessels" as described by Marcus Vitruvius. The sounding vessels are acoustical resonators arranged in such a way that when an actor's voice is in unison with resonant frequency of any of the vessels, it amplifies the sound with greater clarity and sweetness in the audience ears. Apart of sounding vessels, bronze jars full of pebbles were shaken to create thunder sound effects.

在所有的古代希腊的表现,强调被放置更多的演员的声音讲话,宣叙调为大家熟知和歌曲。音乐是表演的一个组成部分。这个圆形剧场建筑设计提供了优秀的音响效果,尤其是所谓的“测深罐”维所特鲁威•马库斯描述的。声学谐振器的测深罐安排在这样一种方式, 当一个演员的声音是在和谐与共振频率的任何罐, 它放大了声音更明确和好听在听众的耳朵。除了测深罐,青铜罐子满鹅卵石都摇动了创建打雷声音效果。

During the Renaissance (1300 - 1620) in Europe, new ideas began to be generated regarding politics, economics and society with an approach to arts, which advocated for the maximum potential of human being. Northern Italy was known to be an origin of Renaissance. The Italian theatre, like every other art of the period attempted to recapture and recreate Greek and Roman styles and trends, which is referred to as "Neoclassical". The Italian neoclassicism concepts were based on verisimilitude; decorum; unity of time, place and action; formulaic structure; and for education and entertainment purpose. Due to political and civil wars, renaissance started late in England. English renaissance drama started with the performances of some Roman plays, but was more flexible regarding content, structure and performance.

在文艺复兴时期(1300 - 1620)在欧洲,新想法开始生成的关于政治、经济和社会在艺术方法,主张人类的最大潜力。意大利北部被认为是一个文艺复兴的起源。意大利剧院,像所有其他艺术的时期试图夺回和重现希腊和罗马的风格和趋势,这被称为“新古典主义”。意大利新古典主义的概念是基于逼真; 礼仪; 统一的时间、地点、行动; 公式化的结构, 为教育和娱乐的目的。由于政治和内战,文艺复兴时期的英国起步较晚。英国文艺复兴时期戏剧表演开始的一些罗马戏剧, 但更灵活的有关内容、结构和性能。

The outstanding theatrical performances in the Renaissance were commedia dell'arte in Italy and Elizabethan theatre in England. The commedia dell'arte means comedy of art profession, and it originated from the streets and market places of the early Italian renaissance. The Elizabethan theatre, on the other hand, originated from the actors moving from one castle and town to another. In both theatres, music and sound effects were used with dialogue to evoke emotions, reflect mood and enhance actions.

优秀的文艺演出在文艺复兴时期被即兴喜剧在意大利和英国伊丽莎白时代的剧场。即兴喜剧的喜剧艺术专业的手段, 它起源于街头和市场的地方在意大利文艺复兴时期。伊丽莎白戏剧,另一方面,源于演员从一个到另一个城堡和城镇。在这两个剧院、音乐和音效都用对话来唤起情感,反映情绪和提高动作。

In 1599, the Globe theatre, co-owned by William Shakespeare was opened in London, England. It was an epitome of the use of sound effects during the Renaissance. Fireworks were used to imitate battlefield sounds, and metal sheet or rolling cannonballs were used to create sound of thunder. Some skilled artists were used to imitate wailing of ghostly sounds and crowing of rooster’s sound effect during performances.

1599年, 威廉·莎士比亚的环球剧场拥有、在英国伦敦对外开放。这是一个典型的使用音效在文艺复兴时期。烟花被用来模拟战场的声音, 和金属板或滚动的炮弹被用来创建雷声的声音。一些熟练的艺术家被用来模仿哀号的声音和啼叫的公鸡幽灵的音响效果在表演中。

Silent Era (1895 - 1926) was during the period of Realism of late 1800s and Expressionism of early 1900s. People would prefer going to theatre to watch plays because plays were making use of sound effects alongside music and dialogue, as seen in "The Seagul" and "Our Town" production in Moscow Art Theatre in 1898 and 1938 respectively. The Silent Era cinemas were not silent as it were, because the orchestral and piano were used to make music, at times, they even hired people to create sound effects on the spot to compete with plays in the theatres.

默片时代(1895 - 1926)期间的现实主义的1800年代后期和1900年代早期的表现主义。人们会更喜欢去剧院观看戏剧因为戏剧利用声音效果和音乐和对话, 见《海鸥- The Seagul》和《我们的城市- Our Town》生产在莫斯科艺术剧院分别于1898年和1938年。默片时代电影院没有沉默,因为管弦乐和钢琴被用来做音乐,有时,他们甚至雇佣人来创建音效当场与戏剧在影院竞争。

Film sound design owe a lot to theatre and radio productions, because before the advent of the first sound film, both theatre and radio had been creating and using dialogue, music and sound effects together in their productions. The initial sound effects and music were created and made offstage to support on stage dialogue and performances, before the advent of recording technology that replaced them with recorded sound. October 6, 1927, the first sound film, "The Jazz Singer" was released by Warner Bros; and this marked the beginning of total sound film that we have today.

电影声音设计欠很多剧院和无线电广播设备产品,因为出现之前的第一部有声电影,无论是戏剧和无线电广播设备被创建和使用对话、音乐和音效一起制作。最初的声音效果和音乐被创建并使后台支持对话和表演舞台上, 出现之前的录音技术, 取而代之的是录音。1927年10月6日, 第一部有声电影《爵士歌手》发行了由华纳兄弟, 这标志着有声电影的开始, 我们总今天。

"The Jazz singers", as the first sound film only has a few recorded songs and lines of dialogue. The innovation of people like Orson Wellers, who came from the world of radio into movie world, perfects the techniques of sound montage. Despite the fact that the term sound design and Sound Designer were first used in film production in 1972, given to Walter Murch by Francis Ford Coppola, for his sound works in the film "Apocalypse Now"; Orson Welles deserve the praise and the name Sound Designer for laying the foundation for what we know today as Sound Design.

《爵士歌手》,作为第一个有声电影只有几个录制的歌曲和行对话。来自无线电世界进入电影世界的人创新，例如奥逊·威尔斯,完善技术的声音蒙太奇。尽管事实上, 这个词听起来设计和声音设计师被首先用于电影制作于1972年, 沃尔特·默奇给由弗朗西斯·福特·科波拉, 他的声音作品在电影《现代启示录》; 我认为值得赞扬和奥逊·威尔斯的名字声音设计师打下了良好的基础, 我们今天熟知的声音设计。